Scientific and technological progress are the product of man's innate desire to improve the society in which he lives. Such progress often accompanies an expansion of intellectual boundaries. As you gain knowledge, you also come across new opportunities to explore. This is true in the field of human genome research. The implications of the Human Genome Project and other attempts to further understand the human genetic code clearly demonstrate the basic principles of social benefit versus social cost. The desired effect is obviously one in which the benefits significantly outweigh the costs. The actual impact of such technology, however, remains only an estimate until this scientific breakthrough becomes a reality. It is from this inability to predict how the new technology will transform society that the controversy arises. Because if the value of knowledge and progress is estimated to ultimately influence society in a negative way, then perhaps such progress should not be attempted. The Human Genome Project and other studies involving genetic research invite debate on the most controversial and highly moral issues that characterize and define the nature of life. Controversy arises from both the techniques and goals of gene therapy. Gene therapy attempts to correct the “deleterious effects of a genetic disease” (Wheale & McNally, 212) through the replacement or repair of defective genes in human cells. The basic technique of this therapy involves replacing the activity of a defective gene with a previously dormant gene or inserting genetic material into defective cells (212). The danger of such therapy is due to the risks inherent in the techniques. Scientists, for example, may not be completely and accurately...... middle of paper ......r. Our enthusiasm must be accompanied by precautionary measures against discrimination (racial or otherwise), exploitation and invasions of privacy. The desired goal should be to create an environment that promotes scientific progress and protects those elementary presuppositions that we deem valuable for life. Works cited by the British Medical Association. Our genetic future. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Butler, Declan. "The Pope condemns 'immoral' research on embryos." Nature 6 April 1995: 489.Esbjornson, Robert, ed. The manipulation of life. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1984. Suzuki, David and Peter Knudtson. Genetics: the clash between new genetics and human values. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989. Wheale, Peter R., and Ruth M. McNally. Genetic engineering: catastrophe or utopia? New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988.