Genetic Enhancement and Politics Since the beginning of organized government there has always been a clash between science and politics. Whether it's something as complicated as gaining federal approval for a new drug or as commonplace as social acceptance of a new medical procedure, politics has played an integral role in shaping science; this integrated unity is what greatly influences most of society at large. Therefore, it is not surprising that the scientific discussion about genetic engineering is peppered with political rhetoric. Before entering into a discussion about genetics and politics, some scientific definitions are essential to fully understand the topics that will be presented. First, genetic engineering is the manipulation of heredity or hereditary material; its goal is to “replace the activity of a defective gene by activating a dormant gene that has a similar function” (Suzuki & Knudtson, 135). There are two types of cells involved when it comes to genetic engineering, somatic cells and germline cells. The first, somatic cells, are also known as "body" cells because they are short-lived and limited by the lifespan of the individual patient. These “body” cells are not used in reproduction and are therefore not considered eugenic. For purposes of clarification, eugenics is the “science dealing with all influences designed to improve and develop the innate qualities of a race to the greatest advantage” (Suzuki & Knudtson, 213). The second cell type associated with genetic engineering is the germline cell. Germline cells, also known as reproductive cells, are passed down through reproductive cycles. Since this type of cell has the ability to permanently alter a specific character...... middle of paper ......re Vol. 374: "Pope condemns 'immoral' embryo research." April 6, 1995; 489.Fletcher, John C. Introduction to the Virginia ELSI Project; "Preparing for the new genetics: training professionals"; University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, Virginia.Gavaghan, Helen. Nature vol. 374: “Gene therapy approval could be a difficult road for the industry.” March 16, 1995; 202.Rogers, Arthur. The Lancet vol. 344: “The European Convention on Bioethics is once again at a standstill”. July 9, 1994; 118.Singer, Peter and Deane Wells. Making babies: the new science and ethics of conception. Sons of Charles Scribner, New York; 1985.Suzuki, David and Peter Knudtson. Genetics: the clash between new genetics and human values. Harvard University Press; Cambridge, Mass; 1989. Wheale, Peter R. and Ruth M. McNally. Genetic engineering: catastrophe or utopia? St. Martin Press, New York; 1988.