For example, police and probation officers become involved in non-criminal justice issues in schools and the community, often advising parents and students on academic matters. According to some of the boys in the Rio book, the probation officers aimed to punish them by branding them as criminals in front of the rest of the community, which resulted in victimization by peers, stigmatization in the community, and re-arrests for minor infractions. Ultimately, young people learned to manipulate the system and increase recidivism. Rios also notes that some youth have been incarcerated through false accusations, police “interventions,” entrapment, and forced testimony that have led many youth to swear an oath against anyone who provides information to the police, even when they are the victims. Furthermore, the gang database accentuates criminalization, as it allows the police to keep track of the most at-risk juveniles and impose stricter controls and harsher sentences.* In other words, the roles of the police creep into other aspects of the lives of the minors, which has led to an increase in criminalization. As a result, for many, juvenile detention centers have become preferred social environments because they provide the structure and discipline they do not receive from their families and parents..