IndexBlack holesHow was it made?EvaluationCharacteristics of a black holeIn filmIn realityComparison between black holes in reality and filmTime dilationTime dilation in filmComparison between time dilation in reality and filmPotential of worm holes Implications for the Global Potential of Future Human Endeavors Bibliography Kip Thorne is an American theoretical physicist, known for his work on gravitational physics and on astrophysics. He was the Feynman Professor of Theoretical Physics at the California Institute of Technology. And he is one of the world's leading experts on the astrophysical implications of Einstein's general theory of relativity. He continues to do scientific research and scientific consulting, most notably for Christopher Nolan's film Interstellar, Kip Thorne was an executive producer for Interstellar. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay Thornes' role as scientific advisor for the film was to ensure that the depictions of wormholes and relativity were as accurate as possible. Thorne worked out the equations that allowed beams of light rays to be tracked as they traveled through a wormhole or around a black hole, meaning what you see in Interstellar is based on Einstein's equations of general relativity. Black Holes This is the image of the black hole that was created for the movie, they called this black hole "Gargantua". This image was the work of about 30 people and thousands of computers for over a year. This black hole simulation is of exceptional precision and very similar in many respects to the image we recently captured of a black hole. How was it made? The “Double Negative” team created a new software, called “Double Negative Gravitational Renderer”. They used this software to solve the equations for the propagation of ray beams. The resolution of the software was so high that the team was able able to observe and study the area around the event horizon. Gargantua rotated at almost the speed of light and, using the "Double Negative Gravitational Renderer", the team was able to observe that spacetime. it was distorted into shapes never seen before. This led to the publication of scientific papers on the effect the black hole had on spacetime. Although the film rendering of Gargantua is extremely accurate, the final version, which was not used in the film, takes into account the rotational forces that would be created as the black hole was created by Kip Thorne for the film but deemed too confusing by Christopher Nolan, the director of Interstellar. This image was too asymmetrical for Christopher Nolan's tastes. The image was asymmetrical due to the high speeds at which it rotated, pulling the light to one side. Nolan decided it was too confusing for viewers. Additionally, single rays of light were used in this image instead of bundles of light rays, like the one used in the image we saw used in the film. The image on the right is the first image ever captured of a black hole. The image was obtained from Event Horizon Telescope observations of the center of the M87 galaxy. The image shows a bright yellow-orange ring, this light is not produced by the black hole, but rather is light being attracted towards the black hole, which has yet to be attracted into the event horizon, where the light will not be able to no longer be seen.This is not a real image, but actually radio waves that have been measured by scientists, then processed with a computer to construct the image we see.A team formed to create the first image of a black hole.They created a network of telescopes known as the "Event Horizon Telescope" (EHT). They attempted to improve “Very Long Baseline Interferometry” (VLBI). Each telescope used for the EHT had to be almost perfectly synchronized with the other telescopes to within a fraction of a millimeter using an atomic clock locked to a GPS time standard. The image we see is the work of a global network of millimeter-wave radio telescopes joined together to create a planet-sized telescope. The image we see is the data put together from all these telescopes. Telescope locations included Hawaii and Mexico, the mountains of Arizona and the Spanish Sierra Nevada, Chile's Atacama Desert, and Antarctica. Evaluation The image created by the team working on Interstellar had some similarities to the image captured by the EHT team, but they also had differences. I believe the similarities outweigh the differences and I believe the depiction of the black hole "Gargantua" was accurate. The work of so many people on the Interstellar team in creating new pieces of equipment has paid off, to give a realistic but still visible image of a black hole, before a real image of a black hole was available. Features of a Black HoleA black hole forms when a high-mass star dies/explodes. These stars die because they run out of hydrogen to turn into helium. The stars will then begin to transform the remaining helium into heavier elements, but these require more energy to form. If the star does not have the energy to bind elements to others, it will begin to collapse in on itself as it does not have the energy to maintain the size it currently has. The dying star can turn into a white dwarf, a neutron star or a black hole. Only the largest of the dying stars will form a black hole, when these large stars die they will cause supernovae. A black hole is a singularity in space where the force of gravity is too strong for anything to escape, including light, caused by distortion. in spacetime. A black hole consists of a singularity surrounded by an event horizon. At this event horizon, the escape velocity is greater than the speed of light, and since the speed of light is the fastest possible speed, it is impossible to escape a black hole. Outside this event horizon, the escape velocity is less than the speed of light and therefore escape is possible. Black holes can be of various sizes, each size will also have a different radius for its event horizon. The M87 black hole has about 6.5 billion times the mass of the Sun, while Gargantua was about 100 million times the mass of the Sun. This means that both of these black holes are classified as “supermassive” black holes. Scientific evidence suggests that every large galaxy will contain a "supermassive" black hole. In the movie Inside the Movie Interstellar, near the end of the movie, Cooper, played by Matthew McConaughey, falls into the black hole, Gargantua. After Cooper falls into Gargantua, he encounters a three-dimensional space of bookshelves. Each set of shelves represents a moment in space, in Murph's (Cooper's daughter) room. This space was created within the black hole by Earth's future people, who survived thanks to Cooper's saving of Earth. Earth is saved by Cooper who relays to Murph the information they need from inside the black hole, to solve the gravity equations that will allow Earth's people to escape Earth. TARS gets this information from the black hole and gives it to Coop in Morse, and Coop then sets Morse code into the clock, causing the second hand on the clock to tickMurphy. Cooper uses the track to transmit NASA coordinates to himself. They needed to solve these gravity equations so they could more easily leave Earth's atmosphere and push humans away from Earth. The three-dimensional world of shelves within the tesseract that Cooper encounters is within the black hole. This three-dimensional world is within a 5-dimensional world created by the people of the future to allow the people of the past, being Cooper, to obtain the information required by the black hole to solve the gravity equations, then provide this information to Murph. The physics in this scene is some of the least scientifically correct in the entire film. Although the film acknowledges that the three-dimensional world of the shelves was not a natural phenomenon, but rather man-made by an advanced species from the future. Using this plot element, in our current society, no, it is not possible, but by saying that it was built by an advanced species that has a deeper understanding of the 5 dimensions, we cannot say that it is impossible. In realityIn reality, if if I were to fall into a black hole, there would be no escape. Light travels at the speed of light, which is 299 792 458 m/s, this is the fastest possible speed and it cannot escape. This is the speed limit of all matter in the universe since you would need an infinite amount of energy to accelerate another piece of matter to the speed of light, meaning there is not enough energy in the universe to accelerate any thing up to the speed of light. This means that if you were to fall into a black hole, you wouldn't be able to escape. If you were in free fall, with your feet pointing down, the force of gravity as you approach the center of the black increases astronomically, but since you are in free fall, you are weightless and do not feel this effect of gravity as you continue to fall and the effect of gravity becomes stronger, you start to feel the effects of gravity, because your feet are closer to the center and therefore experience more traction than the upper half of your body. This difference in force begins to stretch your body, until this force becomes too strong, at which point your body will be extruded by gravity until it reaches the center of the black hole. This process is called spaghettification. Comparison of Black Holes in Real Life and Film In Interstellar we see a speculative vision of a black hole, of what might happen in a futuristic world, but it is scientifically inaccurate. When Cooper fell into the black hole, he was faced with this three-dimensional world of shelves, when in reality he would have remained spaghettified as he began to approach the center of the black hole. The physics in this scene are sketchy, from Cooper and his ship not being spaghettified to Cooper encountering a three-dimensional world of shelves inside the black hole. This is the most inaccurate physics in the entire movie. Although Christopher Nolan and Kip Thorne wanted to make this film as scientifically accurate as possible, it was also an expensive film to make. This means that the film had to make money and to do that they needed drama and an intriguing plot. They used the unknown of what is inside a black hole, to create their own speculative vision, far from what is currently possible with our understanding of black holes, to intrigue the public. Time Dilation As the astronaut team lands on the planet in the solar system which is millions of light years away, but the gravity of this planet is much stronger than that on Earth and the ship. Astronauts were advised to spend as little time as possible on this planet since just 1 hour on this planet is equivalent to 7 Earth years, adue to gravitational time dilation. Light travels at speed "c" in vacuum (299 792 458 m/s). . All gravity will bend spacetime and light will have to travel along this "bent" space. This means that with stronger gravity comes more strongly curved lines, which means that light has to take a further path, when there is stronger gravity. Using speed=distance/time, where 'c' is a constant, we know from one of Einstein's two postulates 'the speed of light c is a constant, independent of the relative motion of the source'. Since "c" is a constant, when the distance differs with two different strengths of gravity, the time must also change. This means that time appears to be slower for objects in a strong gravitational field, when viewed from a reference frame outside the influence of this gravitational field. So what is the correct time? Neither is "correct" with respect to both people, but with respect to each person the measured time is correct. This is a consequence of relativity, where the time that flows in your reference frame is "correct" only with respect to you and is known as proper time. Other observers can measure a different duration of the same event and their time is correct with respect to their reference system. The laws of motion must be the same for all observers, regardless of their movement, which means that time must slow down, i.e. the faster you move, the slower your clock is compared to another clock. This means that there are no absolute frames of reference. All measurements are relative and dependent on the reference frame from which each set of measurements is taken. Time dilation in the film Time dilation plays a huge role in the plot of the film Interstellar, it first occurs on Miller's planet. The time dilation on this planet is caused by the black hole Gargantua, the first mission/group of astronauts sent to Miller's planet were killed on the planet and only stayed on the planet for a few minutes, but due to the time dilation on the planet, the people on Earth thought they had been there for years and were receiving years of data. They send the second group of astronauts to Miller's planet, this team then discovers that, due to time dilation, every hour spent on Miller's planet will last 7 years. Earth. For this reason they try to spend as little time as possible on Miller's planet, while still recovering all the information possible. The gravity on Miller's planet was 130% stronger than that on Earth, due to the proximity of Gargantua, the black hole. This causes them to attempt to evacuate the planet due to a large tidal wave caused by their proximity to Gargantua. They fail to escape the planet in time, are hit by the tidal wave while inside their spaceship, and spend much more time on the planet than expected. They ended up staying on this planet for about 3 hours, which translated to 23 years. This is the best example the film has of displaying time dilation. Comparison between time dilation in reality and time dilation in film is well represented in this film, the numbers calculated by the characters in the film all coincide with real world mathematics and equations. This means that time dilation follows real-world science, as it follows real-world equations. Kip Thorne conducted the scientific research for the time dilation aspects of the film. He wanted to give the film realistic physics, and this included realistic time dilation. We on Earth always experience time dilation as long as we move, but since you have to travel close to the speed of light to notice any. 2019].