OSI/ISO protocols The OSI protocol is a network of guidelines for exchanging information. Each of these principles of OSI protocols was developed and innovated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that began in the late 1940s. “Since then ISO has disseminated more than 19,500 international guidelines covering almost all characteristics of technology and industries worldwide in which ISO members have declared” (ISO history). “Today, Geneva, Switzerland, ISO has members from 164 countries and people work full time for their Central Secretariat” (ISO history). In the early 1960s, delegates from different countries met abroad to discuss future plans for international standardization. In the late 1940s, ISO publicly becomes a reality with more than 50 think tanks focused on a particular topic. The first ISO offices were located in Geneva in a small, isolated house. At that time they consisted of five staff members. In the early 1950s the first ISO standard was created, and has been updated numerous times over the years since it was introduced. Since the ISO was designed they have distributed information once a month about their technical teams, issued guidelines, and administrative changes to the organization and its members. “During the 1960s, ISO issued the ISO 31 standard on quantities and units, and is based on the SI” (ISO history). “For example, the SI establishes a unit for each quantity, the meter for distance and the second for time. ”(ISO History) The intent of the SI system is to spread global equivalence in units of measurement. During the 1960s the ISO was pushed to include the most evolving countries in its global work. In 1961, ISO established a committee called DEVCO. This t...... half of the document ...... provides information for security purposes. For example, password encryption. The application layer involves application programs and user interfaces. It is at this level that the user network is located with all the systems outlined by the model. It supports many features that allow discussion of information between users. For example, it provides an application service, network software services for sending emails. Applications that use these services include FTP and Telnet which exist entirely on this layer. The application layer serves as a framework for users and application processes to access network services. This layer contains a variety of necessary functions, remote file access, device redirection and resource sharing, remote, directory services, inter-process communication, printer access, electronic messaging network virtual terminals, and network management.