Astin et al. (2011) conducted a study measuring the spiritual and religious development of college students. The study highlighted higher education's emphasis on students' outward development with coursework, grades, honors, and social organizations in pursuit of a degree. As a result, students' inner development had been neglected. Inner development has been described as values, beliefs, morality, spirituality, emotional balance and self-knowledge. Over the past four decades, students' life goals of being financially successful have increased over creating a meaningful and purposeful life philosophy. The authors defined spiritual development as giving meaning and purpose to life, values ​​and beliefs in difficult situations, intuition, inspiration, creativity, and a sense of connection with others and society. Religion and spirituality are perceived by students as two distinct concepts. The authors studied three spiritual measures, four spiritual characteristic measures, and five religious measures. Initial sampling in 2004 involved 209 four-year institutions with 98,593 full-time freshmen participating in the survey with a completion rate of 40%. A revised survey was conducted in 2007 involving 136 four-year higher education institutions, 14,527 junior and originally freshmen students who participated in the 2004 survey (Astin et al, 2011). The 2007 survey received a 40% return rate. The purpose of the study was to identify students' lack of inner development in an effort to create a more holistic educational environment for students, increasing interest in future research on spiritual development in education. This study demonstrates that spiritual leadership is expanding into higher education. Summary Studies compare...... half of paper ...... business and management, 5(3). 185-193. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.brenau.edu:2048/docview/821544137/142FA1988977A96D0D1/11?accountid=0708# Young, M.E., Roach, L., Hagedorn, w. B. (2009). Evaluating spirituality and meaning in research and clinical settings. American Counseling Association, Retrieved from http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~drbryce/ACA_2009_Spirituality_ and_Meaning_Handouts.pdfYew, L. K. (2013). Once China catches up, what will happen then? Forbes magazine. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/currentevents/2013/09/17/once-china-catches-up-what-thenYusof, J. M., & Tahir, I. M. (2011). Spiritual leadership and job satisfaction: A proposed conceptual framework. Information Management and Business Review, 2(6), 239-245. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/docview/876586010?accountid=28180