The composting process as a means of bioremediation of harmful waste can be evaluated in terms of its hygienic aspect since the effect of its quality is indicative of its essentiality and feasibility in the environment. The hygienic importance of composting is mainly related to the microbes that function as composters, the dust aerosols in the ambient air of the compost pile and the type, concentration and state of the waste to be degraded. In terms of hygienic characteristics, compost may pose a threat to human health as it generates an immune response in living systems, possibly triggered by microbes, dust and target compounds to be treated in the compost. Although many toxins and pathogens are reduced to a large number, the presence of pathogens in compost may be able to contaminate the food chain when plants come into contact with it. Composting is a recognized technique for pathogen reduction, but certainly not an eradication system. The management of the process and the heterogeneous conditions of the compost heap can also pose a particular challenge regarding the biosafety of this process. Composting has been successfully adopted, but sufficient biological research on the biosafety of this process is lacking. Accordingly, regarding the microbial profile of compost, experimental studies and characterization of microbes with respect to hygienic relevance by various scientists are discussed and reviewed as below. Introduction Composting is the process of biodegradation of waste material in which a huge number of materials such as hydrocarbons, nitrogenous compounds, acids, their derivatives and also other organic and inorganic substances can be reclaimed from the environment (Finstein et al., 1986). Compost pro...... middle of paper...... Studies have shown that the presence of pathogens in the final compost can contaminate the food chain with incomplete compost causing the growth of pathogenic microbes or keeping them alive and vigorous. In particular, human pathogens such as Aeromonas, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. terreus, Cryptosporidium and Giardia cysts, Enterococcus faecalis, Geotrichum candidum, GeoBacillus stearothermophilus, G. thermoglucosidasi, Klebsiella, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas, Saccharomonospora and Saccharopolyspora, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella, Thermoact inomice, Thermobifida and Bacillus sp. being thermophilic and sporulating species, they still persist in a variety of composts. Studies are underway to provide a better and definitive view of the parameters for the eradication of the various pathogenic strains activated or evolved during the composting process.